Circulated water drift2/26/2023 ![]() ![]() Tower materials (cement, wood) are easy to find and low cost. A quite large flow rate of water is required as circuit make-up, to compensate for evaporation losses, water drift with the air, and water blow-down, used to keep low the dissolved solid content.Ĭooling towers provide a good, stable, flexible, and easy-to-maintain way of cooling down the water. Water is cooled down by heat exchange with ambient air and evaporation of a part of the water itself. This is the reason why it’s common to use an air cooler with a water cooler downstream the temperature limit between the air cooler outlet and the water cooler inlet is the one indicated above. ![]() Selection of Cooling Water SystemĪ cooling water system should be used when the process heat is available at a low temperature (below 60☌), no more easily exploited, and the process outlet temperature must be lower than the ambient air temperature. Therefore the reliability of operation of the system components and the equipment sparing philosophy have primary importance. ![]() The cooling water system is considered to be a critical utility system local or total loss of cooling water is a primary cause of process plant upset with failure of machinery equipment, column pressurization leads to, PSVs opening causes plant or complex shutdown, depending on the complexity of the CW network. For long simulations of open ocean dynamics, methods using super-exponential profiles to represent equilibrium wind seas might be sufficient, but appear to be marginally more computationally efficient.Cooling duty is always a lost duty therefore cooling water should be used only when the heat cannot be recovered by other means. In order to represent the impact of Stokes drift at resolved scales, we recommend that for studies of nearshore processes and brief deep water events, like wave-current interactions under storms, the Stokes drift should be calculated from full wave spectra. Deep water simulations using the two super-exponential approximations are in better agreement with those estimated from wave spectra than are those using the monochromatic, exponential profile based on bulk wave parameters. In both cases, large deviations in ocean current response are produced when the Stokes drift is approximated monochromatically from bulk wave parameters, rather than from integration over the wave spectra. In case (1), tidal currents can modify the waves and significantly affect Stokes drift computed from the wave spectrum. The impact of these different methods on resolved-scale ocean processes is examined in the context of two test-bed cases of a wave-current coupled system: (1) a shallow water inlet test case and (2) an idealized deep water hurricane case. Stokes drift estimated from a discrete wave spectrum is compared to Stokes drift approximations as a monochromatic profile based on bulk surface wave parameters, and to two additional super-exponential functional forms. Representation of these processes at either resolved or parameterized scales in an ocean model depends on accurate estimation of Stokes drift profiles. Surface waves modify upper ocean dynamics through Stokes drift related processes. ![]()
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